Radio and SDR notes

⚠ This is for beginners and very much by a beginner / hobbyist It's intended to get an intuitive overview for hobbyist needs. It may get you started, but to be able to do anything remotely clever, follow a proper course or read a good book. Some basics and reference: Volts, amps, energy, power · batteries · resistors · transistors · fuses · diodes · capacitors · inductors and transformers · ground Slightly less basic: amplifier notes · varistors · changing voltage · baluns · frequency generation · Transmission lines · skin effect And some more applied stuff: IO: Input and output pins · wired local IO · wired local-ish IO · ·  Various wireless · 802.11 (WiFi) · cell phone Sensors: General sensor notes, voltage and current sensing · Knobs and dials · Pressure sensing · Temperature sensing · humidity sensing · Light sensing · Movement sensing · Capacitive sensing · Touch screen notes Actuators: General actuator notes, circuit protection · Motors and servos · Solenoids Noise stuff: Stray signals and noise · sound-related noise names · electronic non-coupled noise names · electronic coupled noise · ground loop · strategies to avoid coupled noise · Sampling, reproduction, and transmission distortions Audio and video notes: See avnotes Platform specific: : Microcontroller and computer platforms ·· Arduino and AVR notes · ESP series notes · STM32 series notes · Teensy series notes · RP2040 and RP2350 notes Less sorted: USB notes · Ground · device voltage and impedance (+ audio-specific) · electricity and humans · Soldering · landline phones · pulse modulation · PLL · multimeter notes · signal reflection · Project boxes · resource metering · Radio and SDR · vacuum tubes · Unsorted stuff · 'E-fuse' Some stuff I've messed with: Avrusb500v2 · GPS · Hilo GPRS · JY-MCU · DMX · Thermal printer · See also Category:Electronics.

Functions and frequencies

Note: There are much more complete and enthusiastic lists out there.

License-free and ISM

Varied functions in these ranges

TPMS

https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Tire_Pressure_Monitoring_System_(TPMS)

LPD433

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPD433

KDR 444 / SRBR 444

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDR_444

PMR446

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMR446

Aircraft radio

See also:

• https://wiki.radioreference.com/index.php/Aircraft
• http://www.monitoringtimes.com/html/mtcivair.html
• http://wiki.radioreference.com/index.php/Finding_Air_Traffic_Frequencies
• http://wiki.radioreference.com/index.php/Aircraft

Hardware

Receivers, and some transceivers, various of which are SDR

✎ This article/section is a stub — some half-sorted notes, not necessarily checked, not necessarily correct. Feel free to ignore, or tell me about it.

Many DVB-T radui-and-TV receiver USB dongles cover ~80MHz to ~800MHz with one radio basically means they have to be relatively wide-range and tunable, so basically have to be Software Defined Radios (SDRs) at least within that range.

For example, the common RTL2832U sticks seem reasonable at 64MHz through 1.7GHz, which makes them great DIYer's toys, receiving everything in that range (though not everything as well as the rest), for as little as EUR15 or so.

That range also includes 315/433/868/915MHz signals, a whole bunch of amateur and commercial radio, and more. It stops short of 2.4GHz communication, though.

Also, antenna choice matter to a lot of uses.

SDRs in general are a niche devices, and making them work with good signal quality in a large range is complex, so they are rare and/or expensive. The reason DVB-T is so much cheaper relates to the specific and smallish frequency range (and mass production). The performance outside its designed range is also less than ideal, because these Radio/TV dongles tend have filters designed for the frequencies their products are aimed at, and care less about the others. Given the wide range, this may not affect you too much(verify), but it is a limitation.

This is why some variants of the RTL2832 may work better than others for only ten bucks more.

Also, there are better-designed, better-behaved, more capable variants on the same theme for on the order of EUR150-300, and more capable variants that easily cost upwards of EUR1000 including but certainly not limited to

• HackRF (~10MHz..6GHz, 20MHz bandwidth, transceiver)(verify), and see also portapack variant
• BladeRF (~50MHz..3.8GHz, 60MHz bandwidth, transceiver)(verify)
• USRP B200 (70MHz..6GHz, ~50MHz bandwidth, transceiver)(verify)

The bandwidth is the amount of spectrum you can sample at one time.

One of the reasons that of the three above mentioned, the last two are much more expensive, is that they have multiples more bandwidth (RTL-SDR has 2.4 MHz bandwidth - though that is already more than you need for any one specific use).

See also:

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software-defined_radios

RTL-SDR

Getting started

• plug it in
• windows: fiddle with driver stuff
• optional: do a RTL-SDR benchmark to make sure it does what you think it does
• run a tuner program and have fun

http://www.thepowerbase.com/2012/06/getting-started-with-rtl-sdr/

*nix

✎ This article/section is a stub — some half-sorted notes, not necessarily checked, not necessarily correct. Feel free to ignore, or tell me about it.

Software:

• Gqrx [1]

• gnuradio
• rtl-sdr tools

• SDR# apparently works under Mono

http://www.instructables.com/id/rtl-sdr-on-Ubuntu/

Windows

✎ This article/section is a stub — some half-sorted notes, not necessarily checked, not necessarily correct. Feel free to ignore, or tell me about it.

http://rtlsdr.org/softwarewindows

The below focuses on having a Realtek dongle, meaning RTL-SDR via USB.

Drivers

Windows tries to be automatic about drivers, meaning it will probably install either generic drivers or the ones intended to do only video capture (as the product is intended for).

We want our own control of the tuner, and for it to just hand the raw samples to us. (the realtek chip is mostly just used as an ADC).

You probably want to use Zadig to replace the driver.

For the realtek, the process is proably:

• Run Zadig
• Click Options → List All Devices'
• The device you want is probably called "Bulk-In, Interface (Interface 0)". To be certain, look at the current driver name and/or check that the VID/PID are your device's (against its Properties in Device Management, or against a known list)
• You usually want the "WinUSB" driver (not libusb or libusbk?), and that should be default
• click "Replace Driver" / "Reinstall Driver". It may ask you to reboot.

https://github.com/pbatard/libwdi/wiki/Zadig http://wiki.spench.net/wiki/USRP_Zadig

Software

• SDR# - a GUI
  • The RTLSDR-via-USB support is not in the current stable version. There is a plugin for what is currently the nightly build, but it takes a bunch of steps to figure out manually.
    • The easiest way is to find something called "sdr-install.zip", which contains a script that fetches the nightly, the plugin, some more supporting files, and does everything for you.
    • If you already had a SDR# setup and added plugins to its config, then you probably do want to things manually. (TODO: mention details here)
  • "RTL-SDR / USB is either not connected or its driver is not working properly" seems to happen when you use a USB3 port. Use a USB2 port instead.

• Winrad and its forks, HDSDR and WRplus
  • HDSDR picks up on .dll files in its directory. If you have none, it will only offer sound card input and output

• Zadig - replaces USB drivers. Initially for USRP, also for RTL2832 and a few others

• gnuradio (windows build)

• BorIP
  • the idea is that it allows you to connect to a remote reveiver via the network, so you don't have to be right next to your reveiver / antenna (gives you remote control, you receive baseband data)(verify)
  • programs don't have to have to know how to talk to specific hardware, just to BorIP (...so it's also useful on the same host)
  • Made for USRP (v1) hardware, also supports others
  • for RTL2832U you'll need RTL for the device hint, and sometimes further options
  • for the Funcube your'll need to hint FCD
  • http://wiki.spench.net/wiki/BorIP

• ExtIO are plugins for Winrad and its forks, HDSDR and WRplus
  • ExtIO_USRP[2] connects to a local USRP, or a BorIP server - effectively using whatever that supports

• UHD - USRP Hardware Driver, the new-style driver for USRP. The old one is often referred to as Legacy

• USRP - Universal Software Radio Peripheral, describing a few products from Ettus

See also

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio_frequency_allocations

http://www.pe1org.diwil.nl/documents/amateur_banden.htm

http://www.ham-radio.nl/algemeen/vrijefrequenties.html

http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/2003-allochrt.pdf

http://www.spectrumwiki.com/Index.aspx

https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Signal_Identification_Guide

http://www.frequentieland.nl/